AIR Worldwide estimates insured losses from the Tubbs, Nuns, Atlas, Redwood and Sulphur wildfires in California will be $US8-$US10.5 billion ($10.58-$13.89 billion).

The catastrophe modeller’s loss estimates represent damage to home, mobile home, commercial and motor lines, and direct business interruption losses.

They include demand surge – increased rebuilding costs – but do not take account of extra expenses such as debris removal.

However, uncertainty remains regarding vineyard losses, with the value of equipment, machinery and inventory potentially exceeding contents values contemplated in AIR’s industry exposure database.